The existence of space debris and the constant emergence of serious threats to the safety of satellites and spacecraft in orbit, therefore, countries are vigorously developing a variety of detection techniques to enhance the ability to monitor space debris. Among them, space debris laser ranging technology is a new space debris tracking and monitoring technology developed in recent years, and its ranging accuracy is the highest. Diffuse reflection laser ranging data can not only improve the orbit determination accuracy of non-cooperative targets, but also can be used to study the feature information of targets. For some space debris, by analyzing the data, the scale information of the ranging target, the flip information, etc. can be obtained, thereby improving the monitoring and early warning accuracy of the space debris, which is of great significance for the safety of the space-on-orbit aircraft. Based on the analysis of spatial targets by laser ranging technology, the paper mainly obtains the following research results: First, the analysis of the fast synchronization tracking method of the remote transmitting and receiving laser ranging system proposed to use the concentric circle method to quickly and effectively track the space target. The remotely transmitting and receiving laser ranging system involves the synchronous tracking problem of two telescopes, which makes the echo signal search time longer, and the observation efficiency is lower. Most of the near-Earth space targets or space targets in the ground image can only detect a small number of echo signals or even receive echo signals. Therefore, the research of synchronous fast tracking method is of great significance for improving the remotesensing laser ranging system. Secondly, the automatic recognition algorithm of echo signals for multi-channel spatial target laser ranging data and the weak signal recognition algorithm in laser moon measurement and its validity verification are realized. The Yunnan Observatory has just realized multi-channel laser ranging technology and laser moon-sensing technology. The identification and pre-processing of echo signals is a necessary and crucial step for applying the obtained measurement data to other scientific research. Thirdly, a new method based on laser ranging technology for high temporal resolution light curve measurement of space targets is proposed. The telescope tracks the space target and uses a single photon superconducting detector to detect the solar light information reflected by the space target. The superconducting detector works in the free detection mode and the recovery time is less than 50 ns, finally achieving high time resolution light curve measurement. If the laser ranging observation is performed at the same time, the telescope can be accurately aligned and the laser synchronizationmeasurement of the optical curve can be realized. Fourth, the characteristics of the target are obtained by processing the optically variable data obtained by the analysis. The measurement data of satellite Ajisai is processed, and its optical information is extracted. Through the analysis of the data and the characteristics of the target, the rotation period of the target, the scale information of the surface mirror and the direction of the mirror normal vector are obtained.
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