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A gamma-ray pulsar timing array constrains the nanohertz gravitational wave background
Ajello, M.1; Atwood, W. B.2; Baldini, L.3; Ballet, J.4; Barbiellini, G.5,6; Bastieri, D.7,8; Bellazzini, R.9; Berretta, A.10; Bhattacharyya, B.11; Bissaldi, E.12,13; Blandford, R. D.14; Bloom, E.14; Bonino, R.15,16; Bruel, P.17; Buehler, R.18; Burns, E.19; Buson, S.20; Cameron, R. A.14; Caraveo, P. A.21; Cavazzuti, E.22; Cibrario, N.15,16; Ciprini, S.23,24; Clark, C. J.25,26,27; Cognard, I.28,29; Coronado-Bl´azquez, J.30,31; Crnogorcevic, M.32; Cromartie, H.33; Crowter, K.34; Cutini, S.35; D’Ammando, F.36; Gaetano, S. De12,13; Palma, F. de37,38; Digel, S.W.14; Lalla, N. Di14; Dirirsa, F. Fana39; Venere, L. Di12,13; Dom´ınguez, A.40; Ferrara, E. C.32,41,42; Fiori, A.3; Franckowiak, A.43; Fukazawa, Y.44; Funk, S.45; Fusco, P.12,13; Gammaldi, V.30,31; Gargano, F.13; Gasparrini, D.23,24; Giglietto, N.12,13; Giordano, F.12,13; Giroletti, M.36; Green, D.46; Grenier, I. A.4; Guillemot, L.28,29; Guiriec, S.41,47; Gustafsson, M.48; Harding, A. K.49; Hays, E.41; Hewitt, J.W.50; Horan, D.17; Hou X(侯贤)51,52; J´ohannesson, G.53,54; Keith, M. J.25; Kerr, M.(55†); Kramer, M.25,56,57; Kuss, M.9; Larsson, S.58,59,60; Latronico, L.15; Li, J.61,62; Longo, F.5,6; Loparco, F.12,13; Lovellette, M. N.55; Lubrano, P.35; Maldera, S.15; Manfreda, A.3; Mart´ı-Devesa, G.63; Mazziotta, M. N.13; I.Mereu10,35; Michelson, P. F.14; Mirabal, N.(41,64,W. Mitthumsiri65); Mizuno, T.66; Monzani, M. E.14; Morselli, A.23; Negro, M.42,64; Nieder, L.26,27; Ojha, R.41; Omodei, N.14; Orienti, M.36; Orlando, E.14,67; Ormes, J. F.68; Paneque, D.46; Parthasarathy, A.(56†); Pei, Z.8; Persic, M.5,69; Pesce-Rollins, M.9; Pillera, R.12,13; Poon, H.44; Porter, T. A.14; Principe, G.5,6,36; Racusin, J. L.41; Rain`o, S.12,13; Rando, R.7,8,70; Rani, B.41,71,72; Ransom, S. M.73; Ray, P. S.55; Razzano, M.3; Razzaque, S.74,75; Reimer, A.63; Reimer, O.63; Roy, J.11; S´anchez-Conde, M.30,31; Parkinson, P. M. Saz2,76,77; Scargle, J.78; Scotton, L.79; Serini, D.13; Sgr`o, C.9; Siskind, E. J.80; Smith, D. A.81,82; Spandre, G.9; Spiewak, R.25,83,84; Spinelli, P.12,13; Stairs, I.34; Suson, D. J.85; Swihart, S. J.86; Tabassum, S.87,88; Thayer, J. B.14; Theureau, G.28,29; Torres, D. F.89,90,91; Troja, E.32,41; Valverde, J.41,64; Z.Wadiasingh41; K.Wood86,92; Zaharijas, G.93
发表期刊SCIENCE
2022-04-29
卷号376期号:6592页码:521-+
DOI10.1126/science.abm3231
产权排序第51完成单位
收录类别SCI
摘要

After large galaxies merge, their central supermassive black holes are expected to form binary systems. Their orbital motion should generate a gravitational wave background (GWB) at nanohertz frequencies. Searches for this background use pulsar timing arrays, which perform long-term monitoring of millisecond pulsars at radio wavelengths. We used 12.5 years of Fermi Large Area Telescope data to form a gamma-ray pulsar timing array. Results from 35 bright gamma-ray pulsars place a 95% credible limit on the GWB characteristic strain of 1.0 x 10(-14) at a frequency of 1 year(-1). The sensitivity is expected to scale with t(obs), the observing time span, as t(obs)(-13/6). This direct measurement provides an independent probe of the GWB while offering a check on radio noise models.

资助项目DOE[DE-AC02-76SF00515] ; NASA[NNG21OB03A] ; NASA[80GSFC21M0002] ; NASA[HST-HF2-51453.001] ; UBC Four Year Fellowship[6456] ; NSF Physics Frontiers Center[1430284] ; MCIN/AEI[PGC2018-095161-B-I00] ; MCIN/AEI[CEX2020-001007-S] ; ERDF ; Juan de la Cierva-Incorporacion[IJC2019-040315-I] ; Slovenian Research Agency[P1-0031] ; Slovenian Research Agency[I0-0033] ; Slovenian Research Agency[J1-1700] ; ERC under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme[715051] ; NRC Research Associateship award at NRL
项目资助者DOE[DE-AC02-76SF00515] ; NASA[NNG21OB03A, 80GSFC21M0002, HST-HF2-51453.001] ; UBC Four Year Fellowship[6456] ; NSF Physics Frontiers Center[1430284] ; MCIN/AEI[PGC2018-095161-B-I00, CEX2020-001007-S] ; ERDF ; Juan de la Cierva-Incorporacion[IJC2019-040315-I] ; Slovenian Research Agency[P1-0031, I0-0033, J1-1700] ; ERC under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme[715051] ; NRC Research Associateship award at NRL
语种英语
学科领域天文学 ; 天体物理学 ; 高能天体物理学
文章类型Article
出版者AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE
出版地1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA
ISSN0036-8075
URL查看原文
WOS记录号WOS:000791247600076
WOS研究方向Science & Technology - Other Topics
WOS类目Multidisciplinary Sciences
关键词[WOS]PRECISION ; LIMITS ; NOISE ; VARIABILITY ; DISPERSION ; RADIATION ; EMISSION ; SEARCH ; TESTS
引用统计
被引频次：14[WOS]   [WOS记录]     [WOS相关记录]
文献类型期刊论文
版本出版稿
条目标识符http://ir.ynao.ac.cn/handle/114a53/25154
专题高能天体物理研究组
中国科学院天体结构与演化重点实验室
通讯作者Kramer, M.; Pei, Z.
作者单位1.Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Kinard Lab of Physics, Clemson, SC 29634-0978, USA;
2.Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA;
3.Universit`a di Pisa and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa I-56127 Pisa, Italy;
4.AIM, CEA, CNRS, Universit´e Paris-Saclay, Universit´e de Paris, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
5.Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy;
6.Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit`a di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy;
7.Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy;
8.Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Universit`a di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy;
9.Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy;
10.Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit`a degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy;
11.National Centre for Radio Astrophysics, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Pune 411 007, India;
12.Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Universit`a e del Politecnico di Bari, via Amendola 173, I-70126 Bari, Italy;
13.Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy;
14.W.W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
15.Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy;
16.Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit`a degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy;
17.Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, ´ Ecole polytechnique, Centre national de la recherche scientifique / Institut national de physique nucl´eaire de physique des particules, F-91128 Palaiseau, France;
18.Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany;
19.Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
20.Institut f¨ur Theoretische Physik and Astrophysik, Universit¨atW¨urzburg, D-97074W¨urzburg, Germany;
21.Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica Milano, via E. Bassini 15, I-20133Milano, Italy;
22.Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico, snc, I-00133 Roma, Italy;
23.Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata”, I-00133 Roma, Italy;
24.Space Science Data Center, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico, snc, I-00133, Roma, Italy;
25.Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, UK;
26.Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut f¨ur Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany;
27.Leibniz Universit¨at Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany;
28.Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l’Environnement et de l’Espace, Universit´e d’Orl´eans / Centre national de la recherche scientifique, F-45071 Orl´eans Cedex 02, France;
29.Station de radioastronomie de Nanc¸ay, Observatoire de Paris, Centre national de la recherche scientifique/Institut national des sciences de l’Univers, F-18330 Nanc¸ay, France;
30.Instituto de F´ısica Te´orica (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient´ıficas), Universidad Aut´onoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain;
31.Departamento de F´ısica Te´orica, Universidad Aut´onoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
32.Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA;
33.Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science and Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
34.Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada;
35.Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy;
36.Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-Istituto di Radioastronomia, I-40129 Bologna, Italy;
37.Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi”, Universit`a del Salento, Lecce, Italy;
38.Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Lecce, I-73100 Lecce, Italy;
39.Laboratoire d’Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules, Universit´e de Savoie, Centre national de la recherche scientifique/Institut national de physique nucl´eaire de physique des particules, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France;
40.Grupo de Altas Energ´ıas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain;
41.NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA;
42.Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST), Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA;
43.Ruhr University Bochum, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Astronomical Institute, 44780 Bochum, Germany;
44.Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan;
45.Friedrich-Alexander Universit¨at Erlangen-N¨urnberg, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Erwin-Rommel-Str. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany;
46.Max-Planck-Institut f¨ur Physik, D-80805 M¨unchen, Germany;
47.The George Washington University, Department of Physics, 725 21st St, NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA;
48.Georg-August University G¨ottingen, Institute for theoretical Physics - Faculty of Physics, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, D-37077 G¨ottingen, Germany;
49.Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA;
50.University of North Florida, Department of Physics, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA;
51.Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 396 Yangfangwang, Guandu District, Kunming 650216, P. R. China;
52.Key Laboratory for the Structure and Evolution of Celestial Objects, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 396 Yangfangwang, Guandu District, Kunming 650216, P. R. China;
53.Science Institute, University of Iceland, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland;
54.Nordita, Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University, Roslagstullsbacken 23, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;
55.Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375-5352, USA;
56.Max-Planck-Institut f¨ur Radioastronomie, Auf dem H¨ugel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany;
57.University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK;
58.Department of Physics, Kungliga Tekniska h¨ogskolan Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;
59.The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;
60.School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Natural Science, Dalarna University, SE-791 88 Falun, Sweden;
61.CAS Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Department of Astronomy, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China;
62.Department of Astronomy, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China;
63.Institut f¨ur Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Leopold-Franzens-Universit¨at Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
64.Department of Physics and Center for Space Sciences and Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA;
65.Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
66.Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan;
67.Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, and Universit`a di Trieste, I- 34127 Trieste, Italy;
68.Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA;
69.Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, I-34143 Trieste, Italy;
70.Center for Space Studies and Activities “G. Colombo”, University of Padova, Via Venezia 15, I-35131 Padova, Italy;
71.Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, 776 Daedeokdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 30455, Korea;
72.Department of Physics, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA;
73.National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA;
74.Centre for Astro-Particle Physics, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa;
75.Department of Physics, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa;
76.Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China;
77.Laboratory for Space Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
78.Astrobiology and Space Sciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000, USA (retired);
79.Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Universit´e de Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, F-34095 Montpellier, France;
80.NYCB Real-Time Computing Inc., Lattingtown, NY 11560-1025, USA;
81.Centre d’ ´ Etudes Nucl´eaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, IN2P3/CNRS, Universit´e Bordeaux 1, BP120, F-33175 Gradignan Cedex, France;
82.Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Bordeaux, Universit´e de Bordeaux, CNRS, B18N, all´ee Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, F-33615 Pessac, France;
83.Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for GravitationalWave Discovery (Oz- Grav), Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Mail H29, Swinburne University of Technology, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia;
84.Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, PO Box 218, Hawthorn Victoria 3122, Australia;
85.Purdue University Northwest, Hammond, IN 46323, USA;
86.Resident at Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA;
87.New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates;
88.Department of Physics and Astronomy,West Virginia University, Morgantown,WV26506- 6315, USA;
89.Instituci´o Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avanc¸ats (ICREA), E-08010 Barcelona, Spain;
90.Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Magrans s/n, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain;
91.Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain;
92.Praxis Inc., Alexandria, VA 22303, USA;
93.Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
推荐引用方式
GB/T 7714		 Ajello, M.,Atwood, W. B.,Baldini, L.,et al. A gamma-ray pulsar timing array constrains the nanohertz gravitational wave background[J]. SCIENCE,2022,376(6592):521-+.
APA Ajello, M..,Atwood, W. B..,Baldini, L..,Ballet, J..,Barbiellini, G..,...&Zaharijas, G..(2022).A gamma-ray pulsar timing array constrains the nanohertz gravitational wave background.SCIENCE,376(6592),521-+.
MLA Ajello, M.,et al."A gamma-ray pulsar timing array constrains the nanohertz gravitational wave background".SCIENCE 376.6592(2022):521-+.
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